Open Access Research Article CC BY 4.0 Published 18 February 2026

Offline Conservative RL for Transaction Authorization: Smartly Balancing Fraud Risk and Customer Friction

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  1. 1 Board of Directors, Excellent Era Lending Service Corp., Makati, Philippines
  2. 2 Department of Financial Technology‌, Peking University, Peking, China

* Corresponding author: Yang Ximeng · Cocoliu898@gmail.com

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Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Southern United Academy of Sciences.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.